When Missionary Travels was first published in 1857,
reviewers noted that the existing ideas about south central Africa would
have to undergo a radical transformation. Land thought to be dry and
mountainous was discovered to be fertile grassland with a wide variety of
animal life, and the peoples that lived there, while sometimes suspicious,
were often welcoming to an outsider. And great rivers existed as well; the
Zambesi River was unknown to Europeans until Livingstone's visit.
Dr. David Livingstone had lived in Africa for a number of
years when he undertook the journey he writes about in this book. It is a
remarkable story, told without self-aggrandizement. Livingstone walked over
4,000 miles, from Cape Town, South Africa through the Kalahari Desert to the
coastal town of Loanda (now Luanda, Angola), and back along the Zambesi
River to the east coast of Mozambique. Only members of the Makololo tribe,
with whom he had established a firm friendship, accompanied him. His mission
was to stop the slave trade.
Livingstone begins the book with a brief overview of his
personal life that reveals a fierce determination: he learned Latin, Greek,
medicine and theology while still employed as a cotton-spinner in a Scottish
mill. He had hoped to go to China as a missionary but went to Africa
instead, and he describes some of his early experiences there. On one
occasion he encountered a lion in the village of Mabotsa:
I saw one of the beasts sitting on a piece of rock as
before, but this time he had a little bush in front. Being about thirty
yards off, I took a good aim at his body through the bush, and fired both
barrels into it. The men then called out, "He is shot, he is
shot!" Others cried, "He has been shot by another man too; let
us go to him!" I did not see any one else shoot at him, but I saw the
lion's tail erected in anger behind the bush, and, turning to the people,
said, "Stop a little, till I load again." When in the act of
ramming down the bullets, I heard a shout.
Starting, and looking half round, I saw the lion just
in the act of springing upon me. I was upon a little height; he caught my
shoulder as he sprang, and we both came to the ground below together.
Growling horribly close to my ear, he shook me as a terrier dog does a
rat. The shock produced a stupor similar to that which seems to be felt by
a mouse after the first shake of the cat. It caused a sort of dreaminess,
in which there was no sense of pain nor feeling of terror, though quite
conscious of all that was happening. It was like what patients partially
under the influence of chloroform describe, who see all the operation, but
feel not the knife. This singular condition was not the result of any
mental process. The shake annihilated fear, and allowed no sense of horror
in looking round at the beast. This peculiar state is probably produced in
all animals killed by the carnivora; and if so, is a merciful provision by
our benevolent Creator for lessening the pain of death.
Livingstone pushed through the Kalahari Desert and the
savannas and travelled along the Zambesi river. Eventually he came to the
falls known by the natives as "Mosi oa tunya" ("smoke does
sound there") and which he named "Victoria":
After twenty minutes' sail from Kalai we came in sight,
for the first time, of the columns of vapor appropriately called
"smoke", rising at a distance of five or six miles, exactly as
when large tracts of grass are burned in Africa. Five columns now arose,
and, bending in the direction of the wind, they seemed placed against a
low ridge covered with trees; the tops of the columns at this distance
appeared to mingle with the clouds. They were white below, and higher up
became dark, so as to simulate smoke very closely. The whole scene was
extremely beautiful; the banks and islands dotted over the river are
adorned with sylvan vegetation of great variety of color and form. At the
period of our visit several trees were spangled over with blossoms…It
had never been seen before by European eyes; but scenes so lovely must
have been gazed upon by angels in their flight.
He encountered a variety of peoples including both the
nomadic Bushmen and the Bakalahari with their enormous herds, and he
includes numerous descriptions of terrain and animal life. Sensitive
descriptions of indigenous religious practices and customs also abound, and
Livingstone assesses people and situations without romanticizing them. This
is an important book, in two volumes. Reading it helps us to
understand not only the Africa of the past but of the present.
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